University of Wisconsin-Madison Develops First-Ever Functional 3D Printed Human Brain Tissue

Researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison recently achieved a major milestone by creating the first-ever functional 3D printed human brain tissue. This synthetic tissue, capable of growing and functioning similarly to natural brain tissue, offers new perspectives for understanding the brain and treating neurological disorders, including complex diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

Using a horizontal 3D printing method and stem cell-derived neurons, a team of researchers has developed an approach that promotes the growth of nerve cells and the formation of networks similar to those naturally present in the human brain. Su-Chun Zhang, Professor of Neurology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, asserts that this breakthrough represents a significant stride for the scientific community, providing the opportunity to understand the intricate interplay between cells and regions of the brain.

Photo Credits: Freepik

Regarding this achievement, Su-Chun Zhang explained, “This could be a hugely powerful model to help us understand how brain cells and parts of the brain communicate in humans. It could change the way we look at stem cell biology, neuroscience, and the pathogenesis of many neurological and psychiatric disorders.”

3D Printing of Human Brain Tissue: A Horizontal Approach

According to Professor Zhang and Yuanwei Yan, a scientist in Zhang’s lab, previous trials of 3D printed brain tissue have encountered difficulties due to limitations in printing methods. However, the team responsible for this new 3D printing technique outlined how they can now overcome these challenges. Departing from the traditional vertical layering of 3D printing, researchers opted for a horizontal approach. They incorporated brain cells—neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells—into a more adaptable “bio-ink” gel compared to those used in prior experiments. Synthetically generated, these induced pluripotent stem cells possess the capacity to differentiate into various cell types.

Thanks to this technique, cells can now effectively communicate with one another. By utilizing “bio-inks,” the tissue cells are effectively contained, preventing dispersion while enabling neurons the freedom to grow. Consequently, the printed cells establish connections within each layer and across different layers, thus forming networks reminiscent of the human brain. The neurons then interact, exchange signals, and establish connections through neurotransmitters.

“Our tissue stays relatively thin and this makes it easy for the neurons to get enough oxygen and enough nutrients from the growth media,” Yan added. Because of this approach, 3D-printed brain tissue can be used to examine how cells communicate and to help understand the relationships between healthy tissue and those impacted by diseases such as Alzheimer’s. Additionally, it can allow for more accurate, in-depth testing of new drugs. To learn more about this project, click here.

Su-Chun Zhang, Professor of Neurology. (Photo credits: University of Wisconsin-Madison)

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